Abstract

Welcome to the inaugural issue of the Journal of Sustainable Development of Natural Resources Management (JSDNAREMA). The journal is dedicated to advancing the knowledge and providing a platform for scientific discourse on Sustainable Resource Stewardship. The multiple and interrelated issues and problems to be addressed by scientific and applied research include pollution reduction, sustained trend of proper quality of life while resource depletion is reduced and eventually overcome. The first issue of the journal publishes three research and one review contributions discussing the issues urban mining of electronic waste, Process Integration for sustainable energy supply, equitable allocation of carbon credits, and water purification.

The journal aims at further soliciting, and publishing innovative scientific contributions on technological, technical, business, and societal solutions and implications concerning resource management, that collectively lead to technologies, practices and policies of the sustainable navigation of “Spaceship Earth” through the decades and centuries to come.

Abstract

The threat to environmental sustainability due to greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels leads to the search for new energy sources, such as hydrogen, one of the most promising alternatives for use in the transport sector. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the potential for producing hydrogen generated by electrolysis in plants along 3,187 km of highways in Brazil. A theoretical electrolysis plant powered by a photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 1.0 MW was simulated and evaluated in ten cities. Among the results, using the HOMER PRO software, the possibility of producing hydrogen in the range from 30.17 tons/year to 35.33 tons/year per installed MW stands out, at the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen in the range from 3.0 to 4.0 US$/kg of hydrogen. These results encourage continued research into the production and use of hydrogen in Brazil.

Abstract

The European Union has implemented targets to address climate change, air pollution and increase the share of renewable energy. Local governments play a significant role in executing actions to contribute to these targets while meeting local sustainability targets. This research aims to guide the local governance by assessing the impact of implementing key energy targets from the European Union at the local level from a sustainability perspective using indicators based on sustainable development goals. An energy system optimization model is used to assess the case study of Gällivare, a municipality in Northern Sweden. The results show that localized climate and air quality targets effectively support the integration of renewable energy, improvements in energy efficiency, and reductions in final energy consumption. Air quality targets correspond carbon reduction targets and subsequently leading to the net zero emission. However, while air pollution targets help achieve 100% carbon dioxide reduction by 2050, achieving 100% reduction in air pollution requires specific air pollution targets.

Abstract

Macro-regional Strategies serve as pivotal political tools, lacking designated funds but drawing substantial investments from national, regional, and European Structural and Investment funds. Despite their recognized significance, Macro-regional Strategies’ policies lack a defined monitoring and evaluation system. Among these, the European Union Strategy for the Adriatic-Ionian Region stands out, boasting a sustainable tourism Pillar within the Adriatic-Ionian Macro-Region. Even though there are developed indicators systems for measuring sustainable indicators, these systems do not include governance indicators, multi-sectoral collaboration and effects of European Union funds and joint tourism projects, products and services. Therefore, the main aim of this paper was to develop the set of indicators suitable for monitoring and evaluation of sustainable tourism in the Adriatic-Ionian Region. The set of indicators is divided into seven groups – socio-economic, context, output, result, impact, governance and cross-pillar indicators. Data collected shows that Adriatic-Ionian Region is tourism-dependent region, describing improvement in development of sustainable tourism. The 2014-2020 financial period brought significant improvements in sustainable tourism through innovative projects, joint tourism products, and transnational networks. In the 2021-2027 period, a key goal is to develop more resilient tourism in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current set of indicators effectively tracks sustainable tourism development and should continue to be used, with improvements made as needed.

Abstract

Waterborne diseases are a significant health concern in Kenya, particularly for children under the age of five. This is primarily due to inadequate and affordable infrastructure for water treatment. A large portion of the water in Kenya does not meet the drinking water standards set by Kenya Bureau of Standards and World Health Organization, which poses a considerable risk for waterborne diseases. In light of this, the study aimed to develop a low-cost, activated-sand-based water treatment system for households in rural and informal settlements in Kenya, where access to clean water is limited. The research was motivated by the pressing need for an affordable and efficient water treatment solution in these areas with a focus on removal of physicochemical contaminants from water. The hypothesis proposed was that an activated-sand filter system, enhanced with silver for additional purification, could serve as an effective point-of-use water treatment option that is both cost-efficient and sustainable. To test this hypothesis, the study utilized a range of methods. The physical and chemical properties of the filter materials were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Particle size analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The researchers also designed and fabricated a prototype activated-sand filter and conducted performance tests on river water. A 2^k factorial design was employed to optimize the filter's effectiveness, focusing on factors such as sand grain size, flow rate, residence time, sand concentration, and loading rate. The results of the study showed that the multi-layered filter design effectively removed a variety of contaminants. Removal efficiencies for various pollutants included 35.1% and 28.1% for nitrate, 66.7% and 39.9% for lead, 55.6% and 73.3% for copper, 77% and 70.5% for total iron, and 85.3% and 86.4% for turbidity in two different filter cartridges. While there were slight increases in certain water parameters like sulfate, alkalinity, and calcium, these changes remained within acceptable limits according to Kenya Bureau of Standards [1] and World Health Organization [2] standards. In conclusion, the silver-activated sand filter system proved to be a viable and cost-effective solution for improving water quality in rural and informal settlements in Kenya. It demonstrated significant pollutant removal and complied with health standards, making it a sustainable option for enhancing water safety and public health in areas where clean water access is a major challenge.

Abstract

The design, operation, and control of remote microgrids are essential for providing reliable and sustainable power in off-grid or isolated areas. This paper presents a comprehensive study on remote microgrid systems, focusing on key components such as generation and storage technologies, load management, substations, and microgrid controllers to ensure stable and efficient operations. The study emphasizes the role of Battery Energy Storage Systems and diesel generators in maintaining grid stability, particularly during emergencies and varying load conditions. To assess system performance, a detailed simulation model was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. This model incorporates essential elements such as the microgrid controller, operator control room, and system-level monitoring. The simulations evaluate system behaviour under various scenarios, including feeder switch operations, the Battery Energy Storage Systems load pickup after generator failure, and islanding during low-load conditions. These simulations were designed to test the microgrid's ability to autonomously manage energy, enhance resilience, and maintain operational stability under different operating conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of advanced microgrid control strategies in optimizing energy management, minimizing disruptions, and ensuring reliable operation in remote areas. This study provides valuable insights into the development and deployment of remote microgrids, offering a strong foundation for sustainable energy solutions in underserved regions. The planning and design align with industry standards, which are detailed in the relevant section of this paper.

Abstract

Access to clean energy is a development imperative, particularly for the estimated 3.5 billion people globally residing in off-grid settings who lack reliable electricity access. As the energy sector faces increasing climate change impacts, and these communities emerge as particularly vulnerable, developing locally sourced, clean, and renewable energy systems becomes crucial for sustaining life on ancestral lands. While renewable energy systems can play essential roles in supporting sustainable livelihoods and building climate resilience in these communities, their successful implementation remains challenging. This paper presents the first bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature, industry and government studies examining established foundations—including frameworks, models, theories, and concepts—relevant to community-scale infrastructure and natural resource management. Analysis of practical case studies from 37 countries reveals a significant gap in addressing socio-cultural dimensions, with only 30% of studies considering these factors in their examination of barriers and enablers, despite the dominance of socio-technical and socio-economic considerations. This global analysis establishes benchmarks for implementing renewable energy systems in off-grid communities. As the first stage of a doctoral research project, this review aims to identify empirically based approaches and develop context-specific, culturally appropriate strategies for implementing renewable energy systems that enhance community resilience to climate change.

Abstract

To pursue a sustainable electric vehicle ecosystem, it is crucial to study operational principles, technical complications, environmental impacts, and economic repercussions individually and collectively. This review article provides an overview of the all-around analysis of the electric vehicle ecosystem with an integrated approach. The review begins with an in-depth introduction and a research methodology exploring various types of electric vehicles, analyzing their applications beyond transportation and their potential for sustainable integration. The technical aspects of electric vehicles are scrutinized, with a logical analysis of batteries, chargers, motors, and other components. The review also explores the novel coordinated vehicle-to-grid concept, offering valuable insights for its practical implementation. The paper discusses electric vehicle's environmental impact with quantitative analysis, which compares the ecological footprint against traditional vehicles, focusing on solar electric vehicles. Economic aspects of electric vehicle adoption are also examined, with a detailed analysis of regional markets, their spending on the electric vehicle ecosystem, and the total cost of ownership for electric vehicles. Finally, the review presents technical challenges related to high upfront costs, zero-emission vehicles, charging infrastructure, infotainment and connected vehicles, and charging technology. This review might be an indispensable tool for researchers and policymakers, offering a nuanced and comprehensive perspective.

Abstract

Demographic and climate projections place resource management as a major concern for the African continent. Nevertheless, the capacity to meet this imminent challenge varies considerably across countries. The paper compares the circular and sustainable pathways of African countries and highlights the factors that facilitate or hinder the transition to a circular economy. The paper introduces two indices to assess the circularity of African economies: the static Circular Economy Sustainable Development Index and its dynamic counterpart, which measures the average annual growth of the indicators. It employs regression analysis to explore the factors influencing sustainable development trajectories. The findings delineate divergent sustainable trajectories within Africa, highlighting the pivotal role of the developmental level in catalysing the transition towards a circular economy. Resource rents emerge as a significant obstacle to this transformation. Additionally, enhancements in institutional quality and infrastructure exacerbate resource pressures, creating substantial barriers to the adoption of circular economy principles.

Abstract

In response to the quest for net zero carbon emissions, many countries and regions have recently proposed new regulations that require corporations to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions. Corporate carbon damages (CCD) that account for a firm’s actual emissions and profit can be a useful indicator. Companies and corporations, especially those that are in sectors that are inherently difficult to decarbonize, will have to rely on carbon credits to meet their emissions commitments. However, there is still a lack of adequate systematic methodology for the equitable allocation of available carbon credits to multiple corporations in a common market. To address this research gap, this work first proposes a new indicator called the net corporate carbon damage (CCDnet), which is the ratio of the net climate damage to net profit considering the effect of carbon credits and their cost on corporate performance. A mathematical model is then developed for the optimal and equitable allocation of available carbon credits by minimizing for a given set of corporations. The proposed model uses CCDnet as its central metric, ensuring that the allocation balances carbon reduction and profitability while prioritizing the worst-performing companies to promote equity. Two case studies with contrasting levels of difficulty in decarbonizing are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the model. Results suggest that achieving net zero emissions relies on a careful balance between available carbon credits, emissions reduction requirements, and company profitability. Companies with initially low CCD (between 0.0475 to 0.342) can achieve net zero emissions and equitable allocation. However, for difficult-to-decarbonize companies with higher CCD (between 2.61 to 15.77), net zero emissions and equitable allocation may not be possible even with external carbon credits.  The model shows that equitable allocation is achievable when profit constraints are not binding; otherwise, a fundamental process technology change will be a better option.

Abstract

Pressure-driven membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, represent credible processes for salinity reduction in ground, surface, and seawater, as well as in mining and urban wastewater. The separation characteristics and productivity of these processes depend on several factors, including molecular weight cut-off and operating conditions (applied pressure, recovery rate..). This study aims to model salt rejection performance of water in Tan-Tan City (Morocco) using nanofiltration membranes (NF90, NF200, NE90) and reverse osmosis membranes (BW30LE), under various operational conditions, used the Spiegler-Kedem model. Both the Particle Swarm Optimization and Grey Wolf Optimization algorithms were applied to optimize the model parameters to fit experimental data. The results showed excellent agreement between experimental rejection rates and model-predicted rejection rates for both algorithms. Additionally, Grey Wolf Optimization model gave slightly better results compared to Particle Swarm Optimization. The combined use of a well-established theoretical framework and efficient optimization algorithms provides a significant step forward in the quest for reliable and sustainable water resources.

Abstract

The oil and gas supply chain encompasses multiple links, and its optimisation is transforming into intelligent, sustainable development. Considerable research has been conducted to reduce carbon emissions and environmental effects while reducing operational costs and promoting green supply chain management. This paper details process-integration methods (e.g. Pinch Analysis and mathematical programming methods), introduces and summarises common tools, analyses problem considerations, constructs models and solution algorithms, and summarises the results in similar fields. The study found that the optimisation of this supply chain should consider multiple objectives, including economics, environmental effects and social aspects and emphasise the importance of supply and demand balance, cost optimisation and sustainability. Future research should develop efficient algorithms to solve complex optimisation problems and incorporate big data and real-time monitoring technology to enhance system resilience and adaptability. Synergistic interdisciplinary research promotes new methods and technology for sustainable development in the oil and gas industry.

Abstract

This paper aims to offer actionable insights and recommendations for steering regions, particularly agricultural hubs, towards sustainable development in alignment with EU standards, while fostering resilience in the face of evolving challenges. A comprehensive survey with key stakeholders and detailed review of relevant national and local policies and documents were conducted in order to assess biomass and nutrient availability of Strumica region as a case study. The analysis identified primary agricultural and forestry residues, secondary residues from processing industries, and municipal biowaste as valuable resources. Furthermore, the paper highlights initiatives focusing on composting and mycelium-based products, emphasizing their environmental and economic benefits. Survey findings reveal the current state of waste management in processing industries and underscore the need for regulatory compliance and improved practices. Additionally, the paper examines nutrient availability in fertilizers and compost, stressing the importance of nutrient management in soil fertility and crop productivity. Recommendations include research on biomass utilization, policy support for modernization, promotion of composting practices, and collaboration with regional platforms.

Abstract

This study proposes guiding principles for flood risk mitigation by integrating Nature-based Solutions with the concept of Hydrological Interest Areas as a background for urban interventions. The methodological framework provides a matrix of joint urban and environmental planning recommendations, considering both physiographic characteristics and urban settlement patterns, along with a final program of necessities. Using the Bambu River Watershed in Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a case study, the research evaluates three urban planning scenarios against the current status. The Uchronic Scenario represents an idealised flood-free urban development, whereas the Current Situation reveals that nearly 21% of properties are in flood-prone areas. The Desirable Scenario involves extensive relocations, while the Realistic Scenario applies feasible open-space interventions, protecting 2,243 lots during a 25-year event. The findings confirm that integrating Hydrological Interest Areas and Nature-based Solutions is an effective strategy to enhance flood resilience while addressing social and environmental challenges.

Abstract

Open spaces are fundamental in mitigating flooding. This research proposes a practical framework encompassing a business model that discuss the socio-economic viability of implementing urban fluvial parks, while considering expropriation and subsequent compensation for landowners. The method consists of two steps: the first assesses urban flood impacts at the watershed scale and compares to the implementation costs of blue-green infrastructure, which is defined by interconnected natural and human-made elements such as water bodies and vegetated areas. If this relation is positive, the second step addresses local scale issues, integrating urban-fluvial parks and new urban subdivisions in a win-win business model. Results showed that, over a 50-year horizon, the proposed interventions outweighed their implementation and maintenance costs. Locally, the assessment revealed an increase in total land value by approximately 40% compared to its original valuation. The study validates the framework, highlighting the importance of establishing a blue-green open space functional system.

Abstract

With more than half of the world’s population living in urban areas, providing sustainable living conditions is highly important. Among sustainable development goals, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, SDG 11 focuses on providing inclusive, safe, sustainable, and resilient cities for human settlement. Many sustainability assessment tools, rating systems and frameworks have been developed to benchmark and measure sustainability in urban areas. Most neighborhood sustainability assessment tools rely on simplified, static indicators that are not evenly distributed across the pillars of sustainable development. The primary objective of this research is to develop a framework for monitoring and measuring the progress toward urban sustainability development. The research employed a systematic approach to acquire, prepare, and standardize urban data for sustainability assessment. Then, the localized indicator sets were collected from three primary sources, i.e.  SDGs, the new urban agenda, and the city prosperity initiative. The analysis was performed using two weighting approaches and normalization to derive a neighborhood sustainability score. The framework is then applied to nineteen neighborhood in Montreal, Quebec. Cluster analysis was employed to deepen the understanding of various variables. Results revealed that Verdun borough outperforms others, primarily due to its ample green space and accessible amenities, while Côte-des-Neiges ranks lower, reflecting deficiencies in green areas and basic services. An interactive decision-support tool visualizes these results. The implications of this research provide insights enabling policymakers and stakeholders to pinpoint improvement areas. By emphasizing transparent data handling and flexible indicator selection, this approach can be replicated in diverse urban contexts to measure, compare, and guide progress toward sustainable development goals at the neighborhood scale.

Abstract

The reliance on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a measure of economic success has been criticized for neglecting environmental and social dimensions of well-being. To address this limitation, this paper develops an adapted version of the Sustainable Prosperity Index (SPI), inspired by Jackson and Victor (2020) and applied to the European Union (EU). The study is motivated by the need for a holistic sustainability metric that explicitly incorporates energy sufficiency—an aspect often overlooked in beyond-GDP indices. Using a composite indicator approach, we construct the SPI by integrating economic, environmental, and social indicators, with a specific focus on energy sufficiency within four key high-energy consumption domains: food, transport, housing, and consumer goods. The SPI is computed for all EU countries under a Reference Scenario and multiple Sufficiency Scenarios to assess the potential impact of upscaled sufficiency measures on sustainability performance. Our results show that energy sufficiency measures can enhance EU countries' sustainability performance, with SPI improvements for the 5 analysed countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and Latvia) ranging between 1.2% and 2.3%. Countries with higher baseline resource consumption tend to experience the most pronounced gains. The findings highlight the potential of sufficiency-driven policies to complement decarbonization strategies by reducing overall energy demand.

Abstract

This paper presents a case study, and lessons learned that illustrates the development of a cost-efficient and sustainable solution for shrimp farming sector in Colombia, using the model of Technology Readiness Level with stages from 1 to 9, and analizing the the participation and linkage of quadruple helix actors. The focus was on the development of this product considering that feeding and fattening represents approximately 40% of production costs. The solution was designed in a sustainable way, using local raw materials, resulting in a significant reduction in water and energy consumption during the process. This involved local communities and small producers, as well as shrimp and feed-producing companies, making possible to address multidimensional challenges and leverage diverse knowledge to optimize the solution. An iterative process of tests and improvements was carried out, validating its efficiency and feasibility in real conditions. The participation of the quadruple helix guaranteed a comprehensive vision and effective adaptation to meet the needs of producers. The result was the creation of a spin-off, a technology-based company which allows the effective transfer of technology and knowledge, facilitating the widespread adoption of the solution in the shrimp farming industry.

Abstract

Energy efficiency measures for existing buildings are some of the most important actions towards reducing energy demand and greenhouse gas  emissions in society. Much is known regarding which measures provide the greatest energy savings, but this is rarely put into context with respect to costs and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper summarizes the results from a study comparing energy savings, greenhouse gas emissions and costs for energy efficiency measures in older detached houses. The paper presents and ranks the various energy efficiency measures regarding greenhouse gas emissions, energy savings and costs. The study concludes that the energy efficiency policy for existing buildings has not been successful. The study analyses why and provides recommendations on how the policy can be changed to achieve a greater effect.

Abstract

Mineral carbonation, where steel slags react with carbon dioxide from flue gases to form stable carbonates and silicates, offers a potential carbon capture, utilization, and storage pathway with agricultural applications. However, it is essential to assess the environmental and economic impacts to determine its industrial feasibility. The trade-offs between the environmental and economic impacts would provide the most optimal scenario for further upscaling and adoption of mineral carbonation of steel slags as a carbon capture, utilization and storage technology. This study quantifies the environmental and economic impacts of steel slag mineral carbonation, using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing respectively, and identifies optimal trade-offs using multi-criteria decision analysis. Basic oxygen slags with treatment 2 was identified as the optimal condition, based on the weighting of equal environmental and economic importance, for further optimization and scaling of the mineral carbonation process. In conclusion, these findings contribute to advancing steel slag mineral carbonation and enhancing the sustainability of the steel manufacturing value chain.